Institute of photonics and electronics of the as cr, v. Abstract the modeling of thermal reaction furnaces of sulfur recovery units srus is a rather complex problem since it involves different modeling scales such as the kineticmolecular scale, the reactor scale, and the chemical process scale. Chemistry of the units involves partial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide, and the catalytically promoted reaction of h 2 s and so 2 to produce elemental sulfur. The electron affinity if 200 kj mol1 and the electronegativity is 2. Surface reactions on a claus catalyst adsorption of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur recovery from acid gas using the claus process and high temperature air combustion hitac technology article pdf available in american journal of environmental sciences 45 may 2008. The simpler type, the sulfurburning contact plants, use sulfur as the raw material. Bayer process was invented by austrian chemist, carl josef bayer in 1887, while working in saint petersburg, russia for developing a method to supply alumina to the textile industry. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures.
Included are printable pdf chemistry worksheets so you can practice problems and then check your answers. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Reaction furnace is the most important part of the claus sulfur recovery unit and its performance has a significant impact on the process efficiency. This work introduces the multiscale modeling approach to characterize the kinetic and reaction engineering scales for the thermal section of srus. Chemistry for the ib diploma second edition chemistry for the ib diploma chemistry for the ib diploma. An investigation of reaction furnace temperatures and. Benzene destruction in claus process by sulfur dioxide. The sulfur recovery unit sru is based on the modified claus process, which is a twostep reaction scheme overall. Fundamentals of sulfur recovery by the claus process 1 free download as powerpoint presentation. Molten sulfur is burned to form sulfur dioxide, which is cooled, then oxidized, usually in the presence of pellets of porous siliceous material impregnated with vanadium pentoxide and a potassium compound, to form sulfur trioxide at moderately high temperatures. Institute of organic chemistry and biochemistry as cr, v. It involves thermal oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and its.
It involves thermal oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and its reaction with sulfur. The key concepts are best learned by problem solving. In the claus process wherein hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are reacted to form sulfur and a waste exhaust gas, the invention treats the exhaust gas to recover additional sulfur therefrom. Modeling and simulation of claus unit reaction furnace. The process connection and sample handling have to be rated and designed for this duty, primarily the seals and orings. Gases with an h 2 s content of over 25% are suitable for the recovery of sulphur in the claus process. Ihs chemical natural gas acid gas removal and sulfur recovery.
Cbe2124, levicky 1 chapter 4 material balances note. Process safety management for explosives and pyrotechnics. Claus processtail gas application physical chemistry. Huang senior research scientists, alberta sulphur research ltd.
Commercial production to elemental sulfur by the claus process, which involves the partial burning of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide, with. Sulfur is typically found as a lightyellow, opaque, and brittle solid in large amounts of small orthorhombic crystals. Note that the increase in vapor pressure from 363 k to 373 k is 0. The journal of physical chemistry a 2015, 119 38, 98899900. Process analyzer best practices for sulfur recovery, enhanced. Claus was born in kassel in the german state of hessen in 1827, and studied chemistry in marburg before he emigrated to england in 1852. Claus processtail gas application free download as powerpoint presentation. Fundamentals of organic chemistry carbohydrates organic and biochemistry for today4th ed. Wo2017120302a1 claus process for sulfur recovery with. Benzene, toluene and xylene btx are present as contaminants in the h 2 s gas stream entering a claus furnace. Claus process last home licensed technologies sulphur recovery claus process shell global solutions can provide conventional claus designs to give sulphur recovery efficiencies of up to 98%. The claus process is the most significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur from gaseous hydrogen sulfide. The technological and economic assessment of the process is peps independent interpretation of a commercial process based on information presented in open literature such as patents or technical. Figure 1 2 shows a typical process flow scheme of a 2stage straightthrough 3 claus sulfur recovery unit sru.
Process does not depend on the chemical composition of effluents one can process small quantities of h2s or sour gas produced by small industrial units energy expense is quite low no thermal inertia, good resistance to corrosion the energy consumptions can be improved all range of parameters asks for a further finetuning. May 30, 2016 this is the second video in a mini series that provides an overview of the sulfur recovery process, covering. Misfer saudi aramco, kingdom of saudi arabia suryanarayana vedula. Unit 1 claus plant chemistry reaction furnace condenser condenser waste heat boiler condenser liq. In the superclaus99 process the claus reaction is carried out with excess h2s to realize an almost complete conversion of so 2 after the second reactor stage. The basic claus process for substoichiometric combustion of hydrogen sulfide h 2s to elemental sulfur follows the following reactions. Experimental examination of h 2s combustion in different flames, methaneair and hydrogenair, is provided.
Modern claus plants should be able to process h2snh3 containing gases as. The claus process typically recovers 95 to 98 percent of the hydrogen sulfide feedstream. Sulfur recovery from acid gas using the claus process and. A portion of the total h2s is burned in the reaction furnace to form so2. First is the process temperature, which can reach 280c or higher. First patented in 1883 by the chemist carl friedrich claus, the claus process has become the industry standard.
The claus process has been known and used in the industry for over 100 years. This last endothermic reaction is responsible for up to 67% conversion of the sulfur at about 12000c. Multiscale modeling of claus thermal furnace and waste heat. The clausiusclapeyron equation allows us to estimate the vapor pressure at another temperature, if the vapor pressure is known at some temperature, and if the enthalpy of vaporization is known. Commercial production to elemental sulfur by the claus process, which involves the partial burning of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide, with subsequent reaction between the two to yield sulfur. Institute of inorganic chemistry of the czech academy of sciences. Adsorption of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide claus reaction.
Claus was born in kassel in the german state of hessen. Hydrogen sulfide to sulfur claus process jungst major. Most of the worlds sulfur was obtained this way until the late 20th century, when sulfur recovered from petroleum and gas sources became more commonplace see claus process. The exhaust gases from the furnace enter catalytic units, where btx form soot particles. Pdf sulfur recovery from acid gas using the claus process. This is a collection of worked general chemistry and introductory chemistry problems, listed in alphabetical order. Pdf role of toluene and carbon dioxide on sulfur recovery.
However, the traditional claus process does face limitations and various process improvements have been investigated in order to satisfy the increasingly stringent emission regulations and the need to process gas streams and fuels with higher sulfur content. It is the only industrial method of recovering sulphur from elemental deposits. This document entitled chemical process simulation and the aspen hysys software is a selfpaced instructional manual that aids students in learning how to use a chemical process simulator and how a process simulator models material balances, phase equilibria, and energy balances for chemical process. The claus process is a catalytic chemical process for converting gaseous hydrogen sulfide h 2 s into elemental sulfur s. Here are brief summaries of the most important laws, the foundational concepts, and principles of chemistry. These cases have different sour gas feedstock natural gas composition by varying co. Claus catalysts desirable properties of claus catalysts. The effect of the h 2 s concentration, the h 2 sco 2 ratio, the input air flow rate, the acid gas flow of the acid gas ag splitter and the temperature of the acid gas feed at three different oxygen concentrations in the air input on the main burner temperature.
Avogadros law equal volumes of gases under identical temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of particles atoms, ions, molecules, electrons, etc. Pdf sulfur recovery from acid gas using the claus process and. There are many sulfur recovery technologies available for different applications, however the most common conversion method used is the claus process. Be sure to read carefully through all the examples in this chapter.
We can use the clausiusclapeyron equation to construct the entire vaporization curve. The claus process is the most significant elemental sulphur recovery process from gaseous hydrogen sulphide. Note that, due to the facts that this study is focused primarily on igcc and that a claus plant is a commercially mature process, the claus plant is not modeled directly. Sulfur nehb major reference works wiley online library. Toluene destruction in the claus process by sulfur dioxide.
The removal and recovery of the sulfur compounds from a highpressure gas stream is typically a twostep process. It involves thermal oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and its reaction with sulfur dioxide to form sulfur and water vapor. Approximately 90 to 95 percent of recovered sulfur is produced by the claus process. Reduction pathways for claus tail gas reduction catalysts. Claus plants play a key role in refinery productivity. Process analyzer best practices for sulfur recovery. The frasch process is a method to extract sulphur from underground deposits. Clark director of research, alberta sulphur research ltd. Instead, the energy needed for the claus process is converted to an equivalent electrical cost and deducted from the total net power as an auxiliary. Claus process definition is a process for converting hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur by oxidation with air. A solution to this problem is btx oxidation before the gases enter catalyst beds. This impacts the operation and function of the tail gas analyzer in two ways. Take a look at this category of free ebooks and find all the answers to your questions immediately. The process is commonly referred to as a sulfur recovery unit sru and is very widely used to produce sulfur from the hydrogen sulfide found in raw natural gas and from the byproduct sour gases containing hydrogen sulfide derived from refining petroleum crude oil and.
Chemistry in candu process systems september 2014 neutral point of water is lowered as temperature is increased, as illustrated by simple calculation the ph of neutral water at 250 o c is 5. Another important source is the sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by coalfired steam power plants. Introduction to process chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry. Sulfur recovery from acid gas using the claus process and high. A process simulator called tsweet has been used to consider the claus process. Role of toluene and carbon dioxide on sulfur recovery efficiency in a claus process. Introduction to process chemistry in the pharmaceutical. Acid gas from the acid gas removal agr process, along with overhead gases from sour water stripping and a small amount of recycle from the tail gas treating unit not shown, are burned in the claus furnace with sufficient air or oxygen to produce an overall gas mixture with the. Chemical process simulation and the aspen hysys software.
Unit 1 claus plant chemistry simplified process scheme for the claus sulfur recovery process high. Introduction to process chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry process chemistry is arguably the area where most of the effort towards incorporating green chemistry has been achieved to date. Since the claus reaction is an equilibrium reaction, complete h2s and so2 conversion is not practical in a conventional claus plant. Modern claus plants should be able to process h2snh3 containing gases as well, originating from sour water strippers. Chemical kinetics pathways and reaction conditions responsible for sulfurous compounds formation so 2, cs 2, and cos are addressed. Resource requirements are considered to include personnel, facilities, equipment, systems and support services necessary to manage and perform the laboratory activities. The development of sulfur recovery for oil refining, gas. S 8 al 2 o 3 catalytic stages simplified process scheme for the claus sulfur recovery process reheater al 2 o 3 reheater 2h 2 s.
The claus process is used to treat gas streams containing high above 50% concentrations of h 2 s. Claus process project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks. Claus process definition of claus process by merriamwebster. How sulphur really forms on the catalyst surface pdf. The multistep claus process recovers sulfur from the gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Fatemijournal of industrial and engineering chemistry. Slabaugh 2 carbohydrates and biochemistry carbohydrates are compounds of tremendous biological importance. The process based upon the above principle is known as lindes process. Hydrogen or syngas generation using plasma technology. Claus reaction and heat losses lower the temperature of the process gases leaving the reaction furnace. A reaction kinetics study sourab sinha, abhijeet raj, ahmed s. The claus process has been developed to recover elemental sulfur from h2s containing gases originating from gas treating plants such as alkanolamine units or physical solvent plants. However conventional claus process has the ability of sulfur recovery up to 9498.
With a power of sale foreclosure, the lender can foreclose without court oversight. First patented in 1883 by the chemist carl friedrich claus, the claus process. Us4097585a production of sulfur from claus process waste. Fundamentals of sulfur recovery by the claus process 1.
The most common conversion method used is the claus process. They process concentrated hydrogen sulfide h 2 s fractions, converting them into sulfur dioxide so 2 and ultimately elemental sulfur they can also remove pollutants, particularly those caused by decomposing ammonia. The claus reaction is reversible therefore, 100% conversion can never be achieved. The claus unit design is based upon the experience of decades of operation across shell and focuses on reliability and safety with high conversion. Process analyzer applications the claus sulfur recovery unit sru and tail gas treating unit tgtu require a suite of process gas analyzers to operate safely, protect the catalystamine at high efficiency and meet environmental regulations for sulfur dioxide so 2 emissions. The apparatus used is shown in figure on side with names of different parts. Moreover, many side reactions take place in the furnace. The bayer process started gaining importance after the invention of hallheroult aluminium process. Hydrogen sulfide is a byproduct of processing natural gas and refining highsulfur crude oils.